王三义谈奥斯曼帝国的控制术和衰亡史

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王三义 (章静 绘)
晚清知识分子曾以奥斯曼帝国为文明镜鉴,如康有为在《进呈〈突厥削弱记〉序》开篇即言:“横览万国,与我国至近形似,比较同类,鉴诫最切者莫如突厥矣。”谬误的“突厥”指的便是奥斯曼帝国。但时至今日,奥斯曼帝国杂乱且缺少连贯性的政治准则关于大大都人而言仍是水中望月,在研讨范畴亦有许多空白。
上海大学前史学系教授王三义多年来致力于中东近代经济史和奥斯曼帝国史研讨,出书有《工业文明的应战与中东近代经济的转型》(我国社会科学出书社,2006)、《英国在中东的委任操控研讨》(国际知识出书社,2008)、《晚期奥斯曼帝国研讨(1792-1918)》(我国社会科学出书社,2015)、《帝国之衰 :奥斯曼帝国史六论》(社会科学文献出书社,2018)等专著。
王三义教授新著《帝国之治:奥斯曼帝国的政治准则》(上海人民出书社,2023)评论奥斯曼帝国的政治根底和政治变迁特征,提醒了从苏莱曼大帝当政到帝国割裂这一前史进程中政治准则的兴衰轮替。在土耳其共和国建国一百周年之际,《上海评论》采访了王三义教授,请他从前史动身,谈谈现代土耳其所承继的奥斯曼帝国。
《帝国之治:奥斯曼帝国的政治准则》,王三义著,上海人民出书社2023年5月出书,426页,65.00元
从1299年奥斯曼国家树立,到1922年帝制废弃,奥斯曼帝国国祚连续六百多年,它在政治准则规划上有哪些成功之处?
王三义:咱们对奥斯曼帝国的了解,往往是先知道这个帝国的“衰”和“亡”,特别巴尔干危机、土耳其革新等,再深化一步,才会把占据君士坦丁堡、苏莱曼立法这些事情联络起来,追溯到帝国前期前史。假如能看完好本的奥斯曼帝国通史,必定会惊叹这个帝国的耐性,产生和你相同的疑问。
奥斯曼帝国能在较长时期内坚持相对安稳,连续数百年,清楚有它的特别性。至少,奥斯曼操控者对境内许多民族和教派的操控和办理是有用的。其实,从前史材料看,在怎么办理帝国的问题上,操控者起先并没有完好的“顶层规划”。跟着对外战役的成功,边境规模越来越大,人口越来越多,民族成分变得杂乱,国家结构变得松懈,执政者不得不想办法,遇到什么问题处理什么问题。经历、规矩都是渐渐堆集起来的。
在开疆拓土进程中,取得新土地怎么办理,就模仿拜占庭帝国的准则,实施分封,受封者供给马队,也便是“蒂玛”制。怎么办理少量民族和异教徒的问题,奥斯曼操控者让不同教派的教徒日子于不同的“米勒特”。奥斯曼帝国的行政体系是“素丹集权”,宫殿是帝国的权利中心,政府是皇宫里的隶属安排。1517年之后素丹取得哈里发头衔,成为穆斯林国际的宗教首领,完结了“政教合一”。帝国依托戎行,宫殿禁卫马队和常备军步卒来自“德武舍迈”征募准则,相当于一种军事奴隶制。
政治准则规划上的成功之处,或许高超的当地,能够归纳为四方面:榜首,奥斯曼帝国的多层准则,是降服、扩张和帝国办理的需求,来自于实践,切实可行。第二,“素丹-哈里发”准则决议了帝国政体的特质,行政和宗教体系的并存,确保了朝廷对当地的笔直办理;安稳的军事准则决议了战役取胜;土地准则和税收准则决议了经济的相对安稳;特别的官僚准则下,行政长官大维齐尔帮忙素丹处理冗杂政务,却不能与素丹平起平坐;有用的民族和宗教办理准则减少了帝国保护一致的本钱。第三,不同范畴的准则各有偏重,办理分途,有必定的弹性,确保了帝国的作业,也使帝国得以连续。第四,奥斯曼操控者能够依据形势需求进行准则调整和革新。比方,十八世纪准则坏处露出无疑,操控者就敞开革新,想把被损坏的准则和规矩恢复。
奥斯曼帝国的树立者是突厥人,他们人口占少量却降服并操控了人口占大都的阿拉伯人、希腊人、亚美尼亚人等民族,且一向坚持操控位置,其间的隐秘是什么?
王三义:这的确很显着,人口占少量的民族,操控着人口占大都的若干民族。奥斯曼帝国的操控阶级来自于以奥斯曼为首领的突厥部落。在草原国家开展为帝国的进程中,像降服希腊区域,降服叙利亚、巴勒斯坦和埃及,大批希腊人和阿拉伯人被归入帝国操控之下。
假如把问题分为两个层面,一是怎么降服并操控的,二是怎么坚持对其他民族的持久操控的,这样就简略说了解。从国际前史上看,降服并短期操控并不是最困难的,欧亚大陆就有那么多敏捷兴起、转瞬即逝的巨细帝国乃至霸国。但草原国家开展为帝国后坚持四百年以上的很少。
先说降服和短期操控。奥斯曼土耳其人的降服是顺畅的,从奥斯曼酋长国到帝国,大约一个半世纪(1299-1453)。操控整个小亚细亚,然后操控巴尔干区域,构成了开端的两个省。奥斯曼土耳其人掌握“有利地势”,赢得“有利地势”。被降服的边境一是拜占庭帝国的边境,一是塞尔柱突厥和从前的罗姆苏丹国的土地。拜占庭帝国政权苟延残喘,没有力气保护国土,给奥斯曼土耳其人侵犯的时机。西亚区域经历过蒙古大军的降服,原本的各种政权土崩瓦解,没有哪一支力气能抵挡奥斯曼土耳其戎行。降服阿拉伯区域是在1516-1517年,相比照较晚了。假如早年就南下,想操控阿勒颇和大马士革等城市并降服叙利亚,估量办不到。对被降服区域短期操控,委任当地实力派人物办理当地,公元前四世纪的亚历山大大帝早就供给了经历。
真实困难的是持久的操控。奥斯曼帝国办理人口占大都的民族,一起的办法大致有三点:一是量体裁衣、区别对待,二是宗教方针的宽松,三是谨防呈现强壮的当有利地势益集团。
在奥斯曼帝国境内,少量民族往往是少量教派,如希腊人、亚美尼亚人、犹太人,但有的少量民族崇奉穆斯林,不属于少量教派,如库尔德人;而阿拉伯人既是人口占大都的民族,也是穆斯林主体,和土耳其之间是同一种崇奉。奥斯曼帝国操控者的办理办法,一开端便是区别对待,量体裁衣运用施政手法的。比方,安纳托利亚原有部落、村镇,直接由桑贾克贝伊办理,不久归入行省;在巴尔干区域,鲁米利亚被划入行省,但摩尔达维亚等公国一向保存,以“属地”的办法恪守帝国统辖;降服埃及后单列为独立行省,专门拟定“埃及法典”。马格里布区域则托付给海盗巴巴罗萨·海雷丁,以阿尔及尔总督的身份代管。至于宗教方针的宽松,是奥斯曼帝国办理上一起的当地,已构成准则。当然,还有不宽恕的手法,那便是谨防呈现对立朝廷的利益集团。不管是穆斯林的利益集团,主体民族的利益集团,仍是基督教或其他教派的利益集团,都坚决遏止,并且奥斯曼历届素丹真的做到了。
奥斯曼帝国幅员广阔,鼎盛时期横跨欧亚非三大洲,您方才提到的军事采邑准则“蒂玛”制,究竟在帝国当地办理中发挥了哪些作用?
王三义:把降服所得到的新土地作为“蒂玛”(timar的音译)进行分封,这是前期奥斯曼操控者就推广的。由临时性方针演变成一种较为完善的土地准则,处理了土地分配问题,也为素丹供给了战役所需的兵源。这个准则首要服务于国家军事举动,由于跟从素丹参与战役的马队,包含他们的配备和薪饷等均来自蒂玛持有者;其次是在奥斯曼帝国的当地办理中发挥重要作用。
奥斯曼帝国的采邑有巨细之分。称之为“蒂玛”的采邑,指年收益在两万阿克查以下的封地。阿克查是钱银单位。朝廷规矩:蒂玛不能生意和转让。政府掌握封建马队的依据是“挂号簿”。蒂玛分配规矩、蒂玛数额挂号、蒂玛的颁发方针等等,都记载在册。
“蒂玛”制在奥斯曼帝国的当地办理中发挥的作用,一是便于朝廷对当地的掌控,二是蒂玛持有者能够帮忙当地官办理当地业务。蒂玛持有者的忠实和责任,在衔接朝廷和基层单位的笔直链条上不行或缺。素丹的指令经过总督传到达桑贾克贝伊和下级单位担任人,直达蒂玛持有者,国家方针得以执行。蒂玛持有者也帮忙交税、坚持治安和保境安民。特别是在村社一级的办理中,蒂玛持有者在详细业务,如避免匪徒和土匪对村庄的要挟等方面发挥作用。在当地行政办理体系中,得到蒂玛持有者的帮忙,桑贾克贝伊随时掌握村社的状况,有利于保护新降服区域的安宁和安稳。后来奥斯曼帝国的当地办理呈现松懈和紊乱,就和“蒂玛制”逐渐废止有关。
除了“蒂玛制”,请您再谈谈奥斯曼帝国的另一特征准则——用来办理非穆斯林社区的“米勒特”。有学把“米勒特”制的核心内容总结为文明宽恕、宗教首领担任和内部自治,这是否也是奥斯曼帝国办理国内多元民族与宗教的要害?
王三义:奥斯曼帝国降服进程中,把非穆斯林宗教集体或社区称为“米勒特”,意思是“奥斯曼帝国境内有特别崇奉的集团或民族”。
这一准则,是有条件的宽恕方针的准则化,本质是内部自治,也等于以忠于素丹的许诺,加上交纳必定数量的赋税,换取了社区的司法独立。这个办法不是奥斯曼操控者的发明,而是采纳了古典伊斯兰时期穆斯林对待“迪米人”(持有经典者)的传统办法。从根本上说,奥斯曼操控者以为基督教和犹太教徒仍是简略办理的。
正由于“米勒特”构建的是一种在宗教联络根底之上的自治安排,所以,除了要恪守素丹的法则,给帝国政府交税,其他的业务都由他们自己的宗教首领在米勒特内部处理。素丹也就满足于用这种办法操控这些民族和异教徒,也不必逼迫他们改动宗教崇奉,或承受各级官吏的操控。因而,有的学者把“米勒特”制的核心内容总结为文明宽恕、宗教首领担任和内部自治。
即便按最低标准衡量,奥斯曼操控者对待少量民族和异教徒,至少比一起期基督教欧洲的操控者宽恕得多。并且,这种文明宽恕的作用是显着的。榜首,在“米勒特”准则推广之后,不光处理了帝国境内少量教派的办理问题,也招引了不少来自欧洲的移民。第二,奥斯曼帝国前期希腊人、亚美尼亚人、犹太人等少量民族的日子是较为安稳的。第三,奥斯曼操控者对他们也根本上是信赖的。第四,各地产生的以宗教为旗帜的抵挡活动较少。
客观上说,非穆斯林在奥斯曼帝国前期被赋予一种确认的联络,他们得到了必定的权利,但在政治上,非穆斯林的位置低于穆斯林。哪怕在某些穆斯林人数占少量的区域,非穆斯林仍处于伊斯兰宗教集体的分配之下。当然,可贵的是这种“能够承受”的联络得到认可,并长期坚持下来。
我的观点是,奥斯曼帝国离不开少量民族。少量民族在帝国的商业范畴发挥不行代替的作用;他们充任欧洲商人的中介或经理人,并与欧洲商人一道操控了中东区域的对外交易;亚美尼亚人、犹太人、希腊人操纵城市首要的经济部分,比方海关、税务、银行等部分。
“米勒特”本是一个文明和宗教宽恕方针,后期为何会逐渐异化,乃至导致非穆斯林少量民族的不满与抵挡?
王三义:用现代术语表达,便是准则的“保鲜期”有短有长。奥斯曼帝国的国力强盛时,朝廷能够操控遥远行省,能够保证帝国境内大大都交易路途的安全晓畅。并且,操控者中那些有气魄有远见的素丹,如苏莱曼一世,很注重开展商业,也有才能保护少量民族的利益。到后来,帝国中心权利弱化,当地割裂趋势显着,政府不能保境安民,从事经济活动的少量民族的利益受损。
希腊人是自动要求脱离奥斯曼帝国的。希腊人开端质疑“米勒特”准则并要求自治和独立,是受了欧洲大陆民族主义思潮的影响。原本希腊人经济相对充足,政治位置高于帝国境内其他少量民族,但他们逐渐不满足于奥斯曼政府给予的米勒特内部自治权,而是想脱节帝国操控,树立独立的希腊民族国家。希腊人的独立希望,在奥斯曼操控者看来是不行忍受的。
亚美尼亚人的日子开端改变也有外部要素影响。比方来自欧美的民族主义和自由主义对亚美尼亚人的影响。亚美尼亚人的政治倾向得到了俄国支撑。但是,奥斯曼操控者并不计划允许亚美尼亚人实施自治。
闻名的中东史专家伯纳德·刘易斯以为,“非穆斯林与穆斯林的联络由于新思想和野心而损坏”。这个判别也有道理。由于,依据欧洲的自由主义准则,应该要求奥斯曼政府给予所属各民族以彻底的相等权利;依照民族主义准则,被操控的民族有权利树立他们自己的独立国家。
我阅览奥斯曼帝国史料时发现,帝国前期的操控者具有强者心态,自傲得到了少量民族和异教徒的支持,一般穆斯林对异教徒也较少猜忌。而从十七世纪晚期起,处于虚弱状况的穆斯林对非穆斯林的情绪产生了改变,以猜忌、仇视替代了原本的安全共处。说句公道话,奥斯曼政府直到十九世纪敏捷革新的时期,在处理民族联络时仍是很稳重的,并没有一味地采纳以民族或宗教划线的高压方针。
除了《帝国之治:奥斯曼帝国的政治准则》,您还出书过专著《帝国之衰》《晚期奥斯曼帝国研讨(1792-1918)》,能否大致描绘一下帝国的式微进程?首要原因可分为哪几个层面?
王三义:苏莱曼大帝年代的光辉往后,奥斯曼帝国呈现阑珊痕迹。1683年攻击维也纳失利,奥斯曼帝国开端采纳守势。这个依托武力树立起来的帝国,一旦失掉经过掠取取得财富的途径,走向式微是不行避免的。1699年被逼签定的《卡洛维茨公约》,一般被当作帝国由盛转衰的分界点。尔后简直一切战役中都不同程度地损失土地,被迫地保护主权,边境不断缩小。1788-1792年与俄罗斯的战役中,奥斯曼帝国戎行简直损失了战斗力。在败绩面前,操控阶级总算到达一致:有必要革新,有必要向西方国家学习,否则要亡国。1792-1914年是奥斯曼帝国西化革新的百余年进程,最终帝国卷进榜首次国际大战而割裂了。
奥斯曼帝国式微的简略衡量标准之一:拿手军事的奥斯曼土耳其人不再能交兵了;另一个标志是:帝国全面虚弱,体现为政治腐败、经济惨淡、民族别离倾向严峻。
其实这两个层面也彼此相关。对土耳其人来说,中止了对外扩张,也就失掉了优势,帝国的经济和政治准则都面临新的检测。详细状况例如:曾经经过降服拓荒新土地,有合理的土地准则,农业生产得以扩展;经过降服取得连绵不断的财富,一起得到许多劳动力;当帝国的“作业”越来越大的时分,宗教活动和文明艺术随之扩展,能够供给更多的岗位;帝国的边境规模越广,服兵役、服劳役的人力弥补越不成问题。1699年至之后对外降服的这条路断了,整个国家政治和经济的根基产生不坚定。
还要看到,1699年之后一个多世纪里没有打过胜仗,严峻挫伤了奥斯曼土耳其人尚武的精力,浇灭了一部分人的斗志。后来的失利和虚弱,与帝国兴起进程中的光辉和荣耀构成显着的比照。
判别奥斯曼帝国式微与否,一是经过对帝国前史的纵向比较,二是与欧洲国家进行横向比较。方才说的是纵向比较。横向比较的话,当欧洲国家处于上升时期时,奥斯曼帝国的操控者抱残守缺,整个帝国错过了开展的机会。到十八世纪后期,奥斯曼帝国与欧洲国家现已不在同一水平线上。
从马哈茂德二世革新,到坦齐马特革新,再到帝国晚期的两次君主立宪,奥斯曼帝国的操控者为抢救帝国危机做出了许多尽力,怎么点评这些革新举动的得失?
王三义:关于奥斯曼帝国的西化革新和抢救危亡的尽力,学术界已有较多的研讨效果。我在二十多年前做博士论文时,就有专门章节评论经济范畴的革新。这次完结的关于奥斯曼帝国政治准则的专著,也有专章评论帝国晚期的革新,首要着眼于行政、司法、宗教等层面。
归纳起来,奥斯曼帝国的西化革新有三个特色:榜首,革新自身由浅入深,从技术引进到准则革新。第二,革新具有阶段性特征,详细范畴的成效不相同。第三,尽管革新的顶峰之后是哈米德独裁,但社会的敞开程度是逐渐扩展的。
详细来说,马哈茂德二世的奉献在于解除了旧戎行,掠夺了要挟中心政府的当地贵族的权利,保护了素丹的威望,也按欧洲形式建立行政安排,完结了帝国前史上榜首次人口普查和土地测量,废弃蒂玛制,为后来的革新铺平了路途。“坦齐马特”时期把“保证生命、荣誉、产业的安全”和“法律面前相等”写进帝国的法则,这是显着的前进。并且,革新是全面铺开的。哈米德二世尽管实施独裁操控,但他并不抛弃革新和西化,经济、教育、军事等范畴成效最显着。
奥斯曼帝国继续百余年的革新,是近代东方和亚非拉国家救亡图存的样板,由于其他国家的革新都没有奥斯曼帝国的革新早,也没有奥斯曼帝国的革新继续时间长。革新或许激化了某些对立,但毕竟消除了一些阻止国家机器作业的要素。
当然,一百多年革新,未到达开端的富国强国的方针,有几个方面的问题值得沉思:比方,简略革新的范畴都改了,难以革新的范畴仍然未改;又如,政治革新在“集权”与“限权”的窘境中徜徉,无法取得本质性的打破;并且,帝国的革新带有急于求成的特色,革新者把西方的经历当作灵丹妙药,希望短期见效,效果仍是欲速不达。
素丹哈米德二世在前史上的形象血腥残酷:高压操控、密探和检查准则、亚美尼亚大残杀……但您也表明,哈米德二世的许多革新举动也有显着的成效,对传统奥斯曼帝国向现代土耳其转型起到积极作用。怎么看待这个人物?
王三义:哈米德二世被称为“血腥素丹”,在西方人对土耳其史的描绘中,有一个脸谱化的残酷形象。哈米德独裁、哈米德暴政,这是一个较为遍及的判别。
其实,哈米德二世当政的三十三年(1876-1909),做了许多事情,有大事有小事。说他独裁没委屈他。比方,他中止了宪政,解散了议会,放逐了革新派代表人物米德哈特帕夏;他实施集权,用革职、放逐、暗算、拘禁等办法冲击乃至铲除反对派;他为了掌控民众,打压各地的抵挡,树立了一套密探准则;他对新闻报刊实施查缴,阻断人们取得外界信息。
哈米德二世被责备“残杀亚美尼亚人”,精确的表述应该是“在亚美尼亚大残杀事情中负有不行推卸的责任”。1894到1895年间,帝国东部产生了残杀亚美尼亚人的暴行。起先是亚美尼亚人和库尔德人之间的仇恨和仇杀,奥斯曼帝国官方和戎行并未采纳办法来阻止大残杀,一些武士反而参与了大残杀。首都伊斯坦布尔的亚美尼亚民族主义者也有支援,并采纳了举动,占边境耳其银行,遭到政府戎行打压。欧洲大国宣布照会给素丹,要求中止暴行。在后来的土耳其革新者眼里,打压革新运动的哈米德二世是暴君,是独裁者,所以,在土耳其革新的叙事中,哈米德二世的形象和负面点评也就确认下来了。
不过应该看到,在内政方面,哈米德二世时期没有中止西化革新,在开展经济、改进交通、兴办教育等方面做了较大尽力,并取得了成效。比方,经过与德国的协作,使帝国对外交易敏捷增长;由于经济有所开展,巴格达铁路各条支线连续开端构筑,帝国东西部的联络加强,两河流域也得到开发;从德国购买武器配备,购买船舰,增强了军事实力;帝国境内的许多城市建起了校园、孤儿院、诊所和医院。在对外联络方面,哈米德二世也没有向欧洲大国家一味地让步让步。哈米德二世刚执政时,巴尔干危机中欧洲大国干预,奥斯曼政府十分被迫。但到了十九世纪晚期,哈米德二世能够镇定面临剖析欧洲形势改变,自动挑选在外交上对帝国有协助的国家,以追求帝国的生计。
从哈米德二世施政的效果来看,奥斯曼帝国在1878-1909年之间保护了主权,坚持了根本的社会安稳,要害是,坦齐马特时期停留在纸上的一些革新办法在哈米德二世时期逐渐执行,奥斯曼社会的敞开程度超越曾经任何时期。这些改变是传统奥斯曼帝国向现代土耳其转型的根底和条件。
在伊斯坦布尔的书店里,有不少名为《咱们爱戴的哈米德素丹》《巨大的素丹哈米德》这样的书本。在土耳其一些文明人的心目中,帝国晚期的哈米德二世是一位了不得的君主。
土耳其国父凯末尔早年参加的“青年土耳其党”是奥斯曼帝国“第二宪政时期”(1908-1918年)的实践掌权集体,怎么点评“青年土耳其党”的执政体现?
王三义:1908年宪政革新成功后,“青年土耳其党”由隐秘安排变成揭露的政党,并且在1909年掌权。他们不信赖素丹,又觉得没必要废黜素丹,实施的是君主立宪制。关于操控政府权利,他们也无能为力。在奥斯曼社会,年纪和经历是取得政治威望的先决条件,而青年土耳其党人大大都成员都是年青的上尉、少校或职务较低的官员,没有多少履历和经历。
从1909-1913年,青年土耳其党人推出社会革新的计划。政治层面,整理并重组官僚安排,开除剩余的文职官员,没收皇室的产业,严厉预算宫殿开支,减少高官的收入。经济方面,推广自由主义方针,从国外筹措借款,撤销关税壁垒,开展交易,扶持农业,改进根底设施,招引出资。立法和教育等层面,拟定新的民法,公布新的兵役法、教育法、婚姻法,给予女子平等的受教育权等。此外,革新计划还触及保护国家安全、实施民族相等的方针。
青年土耳其党人的各项革新办法是前进的,有一些办法收到杰出作用。不过,单从政治层面看,政府职能部分的权责不清,发挥的作用有限;武士在政治日子中的作用过大;青年土耳其党与议会之间的联络不协调;党派之间和党派内部奋斗不断。清洗后的政府安排中构成了一批新权贵。新权贵操纵议会和内阁,少量权贵人物乾纲专断,使民众对宪政绝望。
假如再考虑到国际形势和国内根深柢固的对立,能够“了解”青年土耳其党的执政者的难处。1911年就产生了意土战役,1912-1913年就产生了两次巴尔干战役。当然,最大的失误是,掌握领导权的青年土耳其党人迷信德国的先进武器和杰出军事安排,和德国订立同盟,把帝国带到险境,1914年-1918年的奥斯曼帝国是国际大战的东方战场,失掉内部革新的环境,帝国最终也被肢解了。
当奥斯曼帝国日薄西山时,东亚的清朝相同危如累卵,它们都被西方殖民帝国视为“病夫”,怎么在近代变法图强,成为二者一起面临的前史难题。康有为等晚清知识分子在政论中就屡次将奥斯曼帝国作为本国镜鉴,以证改进与革新之辩。您在研讨中也十分注意奥斯曼帝国与我国晚清的比较研讨,对此有何独特心得?
王三义:是的,把奥斯曼帝国和我国晚清进行比较,在那个年代就开端了。不只康有为,后来孙中山的讲演中屡次提到1908年的土耳其宪政革新。
在我自己的研讨中,为了能够深化研讨奥斯曼帝国政治准则,我也仔细阅览了印度莫卧儿王朝、波斯恺加王朝、日本德川幕府的书本,企图对东方帝国做一个全面调查和比照。由于触及内容太多,欠好掌握,就抛弃了,在作品中只要奥斯曼帝国和我国晚清的比较。明清的官僚准则有接受联络,我把明朝也放进去了。既然是比较,看到的是类似性和差异性。由于都是边境广阔、多民族、集权制,由兴盛到衰亡,许多要害环节类似,可比较的要素和层面较多。经过比较,能够深化对国际史上的帝国政治准则的研讨。比较和不比较,知道的深度是不相同的。由于这样的横向比较实践上是一种解析作业,等于把奥斯曼帝国的政治机器拆开了看,对照着看,里里外外地看,作用不相同。
你问到比较研讨的“心得”,对我来说,比较研讨的作业喜忧参半。所喜者,便是我方才提到的这些比较研讨的收成。所忧者,便是感到研讨的困难。假如简略地看到两种研讨方针的类似性和差异性,那是简略的,谁都能够做到。问题在于,经过比较之后的知道,应该到达什么程度?要得出一些理论性的或规律性的定论吗?仍是发掘不同言语的一手史料,细密纤毫均不放过,把材料优势发挥到极致?国内学界,“中外比照研讨”出了许多效果。我再拓荒一个奥斯曼帝国与我国晚清比较研讨的阵地,含义安在呢?国际史的研讨,实践上只能研讨某一国家某一阶段的前史,等于是研讨“外国史”,外国史的任何效果,都比不上我国史的效果受国人重视。并且,无论怎么尽力,也不行能比外国专家研讨得好。我对奥斯曼帝国的研讨,包含“比较研讨”的运用,是有限条件下的尽力,在研讨办法上,还需求进一步的考虑。
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Yonhap News Agency: The DPRK reportedly fired another ballistic missile this afternoon, its third such launch this year. Do you have any comment?

汪文斌:中方注意到有关发射活动。发射物的性质还需求进一步研判,各方不该匆促定性或过激反应。咱们期望有关各方谨言慎行,一同维护半岛平缓安稳,经过对话洽谈处理各自关怀,并依照“双轨并进”思路和分阶段、同步走准则,推进半岛问题政治处理进程。

Wang Wenbin: We have taken note of the launch. Further research and assessment is needed to identify the nature of the projectile. All sides should avoid jumping to conclusions or overacting. We hope relevant sides will act prudently, jointly safeguard peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula, resolve respective concerns through dialogue and consultation, and advance the political settlement process of the Korean Peninsula issue along the dual-track approach and the phased and synchronized principle.

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新华社记者:近来,多名海合会国家外长和海合会秘书长同期访华,王毅国务委员兼外长别离同他们举办谈判会晤。发言人能否介绍相关状况?拜访获得哪些效果,怎么点评中方同这些国家的联系及开展前景?

Xinhua News Agency: Recently State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi has held talks and met with several GCC member states’ foreign ministers and the GCC Secretary General, who are visiting China concurrently. Could you share more information, for example, the outcomes achieved? And how do you see China’s relations with these countries at present and in the future?

汪文斌:1月10日至14日,王毅国务委员兼外长别离同来访的沙特交际大臣费萨尔、巴林交际大臣扎耶尼、科威特交际大臣兼内阁业务国务大臣艾哈迈德、阿曼交际大臣巴德尔举办谈判,会晤海合会秘书长纳伊夫,同各方就两边联系、务实协作及一同关怀的世界和区域问题深化交换定见,到达广泛一起。

Wang Wenbin: From January 10 to 14, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi held talks with visiting Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia, Dr. Abdullatif bin Rashid Al-Zayani, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bahrain, Sheikh Dr. Ahmed Nasser Al-Mohammed Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah, Foreign Minister and Minister of State for Cabinet Affairs of Kuwait, and Mr. Sayyid Badr Albusaidi, Foreign Minister of Oman, Dr. Nayef Falah M. Al-Hajraf, Secretary General of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC),andhadatelephoneconversationwithSheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International CooperationoftheUnitedArabEmirates. They held in-depth exchange of views on bilateral relations, practical cooperation and international and regional issues of mutual concern, reaching broad consensus.

两边赞同进一步推进双边联系提质晋级,着重我国同海合会国家相互信任、相互支撑、相等相待、一同开展,双边联系坚持健康、安稳和微弱开展势头,树立了平缓共处、互利共赢的模范。两边愿一同执行习近平主席同各国首脑重要一起,推进我国同海合会国家联系向更高水平缓更深层次跨进。中海两边一起赞同,赶快树立中海战略伙伴联系,赶快完结中海自在贸易协定商洽,赶快签署中海战略对话2022年至2025年行动方案,推进两边联系再上新台阶。

They agreed to further elevate bilateral relations and stressed that China and GCC countries enjoy mutual trust and support, always treat each other as equals, and seek shared development. Bilateral relations have sustained a sound, steady and robust momentum of growth, setting a good example of peaceful coexistence and win-win cooperation. They stand ready to implement the important consensus reached between President Xi Jinping and the GCC countries’ heads of state to elevate and deepen relations between China and GCC countries. State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang YiandGCCSecretary GeneralNayef Falah M. Al-Hajrafagreed to establish the China-GCC strategic partnership, complete the negotiations on a China-GCC Free Trade Agreement, and sign the 2022-2025 action plan of China-GCC Strategic Dialogue at an early date so as to elevate bilateral relations to a new high.

两边标明将持续坚决支撑互相维护本国中心利益。王毅标明,中方坚决支撑海合会国家维护国家独立、安全、安稳,将持续敌对任何国家打着“人权”旗帜干预海合会国家内政。海合会国家外长及秘书长标明,各国坚决支撑一个我国准则,坚决支撑我国在涉台、涉疆、人权等问题上的合理态度,坚决敌对干与我国内政,敌对将人权问题政治化。海合会国家还坚决敌对体育政治化,重申支撑中方举办北京冬奥会,信任冬奥会将获得圆满成功。

They also reiterated firm support for each other’s efforts to safeguard core national interests. State CouncilorandForeignMinister Wang Yi said that China firmly supports GCC countries in safeguarding national independence, security and stability, and will continue to oppose any country’s interference in the internal affairs of GCC countries under the pretext of “human rights”. The GCC countries’ foreign ministers and the GCC Secretary General all stated their resolute support for the one-China principle and China’s just position on issues relating to Taiwan, Xinjiang and human rights as well as their firm opposition to interference in China’s internal affairs and politicization of human rights. GCC countries also expressedfirm oppositionto politicization of sports and reiterated their support for China in hosting the Beijing Winter Olympics. They believe that the Games will be a complete success.

两边赞同活跃拓宽抗击疫情和各范畴务实协作。加强共建“一带一路”建议同沙特“2030愿景”、科威特“2035国家愿景”、阿曼“2040愿景”、巴林“2030经济开展愿景”对接,深化油气资源、清洁动力、5G通讯、电子商务、数字经济等范畴协作,一同应对全球应战。

The two sides agreed to actively enhance solidarity against the pandemic and practical cooperation in various fields. We will strengthen synergy between Belt and Road Initiative and Saudi Arabia’s “Saudi Vision 2030”, Kuwait’s “2035 National Vision”, Oman’s “Oman Vision 2040” and Bahrain’s “Economic Vision 2030”, and deepen cooperation in oil and gas resources, clean energy, 5G communications, e-commerce and digital economy, and jointly address global challenges.

两边标明将坚决建议和饯别多边主义理念,推进世界联系民主化,维护以联合国为中心的世界体系,遵从联合国宪章主旨、准则和世界联系底子准则,一同敌对单边主义、维护主义,敌对森林规律和霸凌行径,保卫世界公正正义和开展我国家一同利益。

The two sides said they will firmly advocate and practice multilateralism and work for greater democracy in international relations. We should uphold the international system with the UN at its core, and abide by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and basic norms governing international relations. We should jointly reject unilateralism, protectionism, the law of the jungle and bullying practice to safeguard international fairness and justice and uphold the collective interests of developing countries.

两边还就区域形势交换定见,一起赞同推进巴勒斯坦、也门、伊拉克、叙利亚等区域热点问题的政治处理。王毅国务委员兼外长标明,中方建议建立海湾区域多边对话途径,探究由中东区域国家以中东的方法处理矛盾和胶葛,域外国家应为此发挥建造性效果。海合会国家赏识中方为劝和促谈、推进区域安全安稳作出的奉献,以为这表现了我国的活跃效果和负职责大国担任。

The two sides also exchanged views on the regional situation and agreed to work for political settlement of regional hotspot issues such as Palestine, Yemen, Iraq and Syria. State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi said that China propose the establishment of a multilateral dialogue platform for the Gulf region to explore ways for countries in the Middle East to resolve conflicts and disputes in the Middle East way while countries outside the region play a constructive role in the process. GCC countries appreciate China’s contribution to promoting peace talks and regional security and stability, and believe that this demonstrates China’s positive role as a responsible major country.

总台国广记者:13日,王毅国务委员兼外长同博纳一同掌管第二十二次中法战略对话。发言人能否进一步介绍有关状况,中法两边获得哪些一起?

CRI: On January 13, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi and Diplomatic Advisor to the President of France Emmanuel Bonne co-chaired the 22nd China-France Strategic Dialogue. Could you give us more details? What consensus did the two sides reach?

汪文斌:昨日,法国总统外事参谋博纳访华。王岐山副主席、刘鹤副总理别离同博纳举办视频会晤,王毅国务委员兼外长在江苏无锡同博纳一同掌管第二十二次中法战略对话。两边一起以为,中法在一系列重大问题上有着相同或相似观点,对加强双边联系有着一同等待,标明愿进一步发挥首脑交际的战略引领效果,杰出务实协刁难双边联系的支柱效果,发挥中法联系对中欧联系的示范效果,以法国担任欧盟轮值主席国为关键,推进中法、中欧联系健康安稳开展。Wang Wenbin: Yesterday, Diplomatic Advisor to the President of France Emmanuel Bonne paid a visit to China. Vice President Wang Qishan and Vice Premier Liu He met with Bonne via video conference respectively. State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi co-chaired the 22nd China-France Strategic Dialogue with Bonne in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. The two sides agreed that China and France share the same or similar views on a series of major issues and have common expectations for strengthening bilateral relations. They expressed their readiness to further leverage the strategic role of the heads-of-state diplomacy in steering the relations, highlight the role of practical cooperation in underpinning the bilateral ties and let China-France relations play the role of serving as a model in China-Europe relations. We should take France’s rotating presidency of the EU as an opportunity to promote the sound and steady development of China-France and China-Europe relations.中方标明,中法作为联合国安理会常任理事国和全球性大国,担负重要世界职责。两边要以两国首脑重要一起为指引,以服务首脑交际为要务,坚持独当一面的交际传统,坚持经过对话洽谈增进互信,坚持本着互利共赢精力深化协作,为中法联系开好头,为中欧联系起好步。博纳标明,法中都是联合国安理会常任理事国,对促进平缓安全发挥着至关重要效果。法方珍爱两国首脑友谊,高度重视法中战略交流,等待一同执行好两国首脑到达的一起和建立的大志方针,完成互利共赢。法方建议坚持奥林匹克精力,敌对体育政治化,法国运动员等待参与北京冬奥会。两边一起赞同持续推进航空、航天、农食产品、核能、三方商场、绿色、数字等各范畴协作,谈论大数据、云核算等新式范畴协作。The Chinese side said that as permanent members of the UN Security Council and major global countries, China and France shoulder important international responsibilities. The two sides should follow the important consensus reached by the two heads of state, give top priority to serving the heads-of-state diplomacy, adhere to the tradition of independent diplomacy, enhance mutual trust through dialogue and consultation, and deepen cooperation in the spirit of mutual benefit, so as to kick off China-France and China-Europe relations to a good start. Bonne said that France and China are permanent members of the UN Security Council and both play a vital role in promoting peace and security. The French side cherishes the friendship between the two heads of state and attaches great importance to strategic communication with China. France looks forward to jointly implementing the consensus reached and ambitious goals set by the two heads of state to achieve mutual benefit and win-win results. France stands for upholding the Olympic spirit and opposing the politicization of sports. French athletes look forward to participating in the Beijing Winter Olympics. The two sides agreed to continue to advance cooperation in such areas as aviation, aerospace, agro-food products, nuclear energy, third market, green development and digital economy and explore cooperation in emerging fields like big data and cloud computing.两边就中欧联系交换定见。中方着重,“和而不同”是欧盟建造的一条成功经验。中欧联系安稳开展契合欧洲底子和长远利益。欧洲作为一支独立力气,是多极化的重要组成部分。中方支撑欧洲一体化,支撑欧盟开展壮大,在世界上发挥更大效果。不管中欧联系处于顺境,仍是遭受波折,这一方针不会改动,期望欧方持续坚持活跃务实对华方针。博纳标明,欧洲将持续坚持战略自主,欧中不该敌对,更不该对立,而应进一步增进互信、推进协作,持续做高标准的协作伙伴。法方了解涉台问题的重要性和敏感性,将遵从一个我国准则。The two sides exchanged views on China-Europe relations. The Chinese side stressed that harmony without uniformity is a successful lesson in EU’s development and a steady relationship meets Europe’s fundamental and long-term interests. Europe as an independent force is an integral part of the multi-polar world. China supports Europe’s integration, the EU’s development and its greater role in the international community. This policy will not change whether China-EU relations are in smooth progress or encounter setbacks. We hope the European side can continue to follow an active and practical China policy. Bonne said Europe will continue to uphold strategic autonomy. Europe and China should not stand in opposition, still less confrontation, but should further strengthen mutual trust and promote cooperation, and stay as high-level partners. The French side understands the importance and sensitivity of the Taiwan question, and will abide by the one-China principle.两边还就抗击疫情和完善全球管理交换定见。博纳感谢中方对法方抗疫的支撑,赏识中方为全球抗疫发挥的活跃效果。两边标明将持续坚持联合抗疫,推进全球疫苗公正分配。两边一起以为应当坚持多边主义,加强应对气候变化和维护生物多样性协作。两边就伊朗核、阿富汗、缅甸等问题进行了深化谈论,协调了互相态度。The two sides exchanged views on fighting the pandemic and improving global governance. Bonne thanked China for its support for France against the pandemic, and appreciates China’s active role in the global fight against COVID-19. The two sides expressed readiness to stand together to combat the virus and promote equitable vaccine distribution across the world. Both sides agreed that multilateralism should be upheld, and cooperation on climate change and biodiversity protection strengthened. The two sides also had a thorough discussion on issues including the Iranian nuclear issue, Afghanistan and Myanmar, and coordinated respective positions.

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简洁的「双语」例行记者会/Regular Press Conference(2022-1-14)的插图
巴通社记者:据报导,巴基斯坦总理伊姆兰·汗将到会北京冬奥会开幕式。中方有何回应?能否供给更多信息?Associated Press of Pakistan: According to reports, Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan will attend the opening ceremony of Beijing Winter Olympic Games. Do you have any response or more information to share here?

汪文斌:中方高度赏识并欢迎巴方有关抉择。

Wang Wenbin: China highly appreciates and welcomes the Pakistani side’s relevant decision.

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法新社记者:关于伊朗外长访华,你能否供给更多信息?中伊两边是否谈论了为期25年的中伊全面协作方案的详细协作金额?AFP: Do you have any further updates on the visit of the Iranian foreign minister and did both sides discuss a specific figure for the China-Iran 25-year economic cooperation agreement?汪文斌:关于伊朗外长访华,咱们会及时发布音讯。请你坚持重视。Wang Wenbin: As to the visit of Iran’s foreign minister to China, we will release information in due course. Please stay tuned.

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日本播送协会记者:今日,日本前辅弼海部俊树去世。中方对此有何谈论?NHK: Former Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu passed away today. What is China’s comment?汪文斌:海部俊树先生在任辅弼期间曾为推进中日联系改进作出活跃奉献,卸职辅弼后也关怀支撑中日友爱工作。中方对海部先生去世标明深切哀悼,向他的家族标明诚挚慰劳。Wang Wenbin: Mr. Toshiki Kaifu made positive contribution to improving China-Japan relations during his term as the Prime Minister, and gave care and support to China-Japan friendship after leaving office. We deeply mourn for his passing, and express our sincere sympathy to his families.

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英国播送公司记者:处于政治献金漩涡中心的李贞驹是我国公民吗?BBC: This woman Christine Lee at the center of the allegations regarding political donations, is she a Chinese citizen?

汪文斌:我愿重申,依据个别人的片面臆想就宣布无中生有、骇人听闻的言辞,是极端不负职责的行为。咱们敦促英方有关官员不要宣布没有现实依据的言辞,更不该借炒作“我国威胁论”来到达本身的政治意图。

Wang Wenbin: I would like to reiterate that it is deeply irresponsible to make unfounded sensational remarks based on subjective conjecture. We hope relevant UK officials will refrain from making groundless comments or even pursuing sinister political agenda by hyping up the “China threat theory”.

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总台央视记者:据报导,我国驻美大使秦刚在美国国家冰球联盟总冠军球队华盛顿首都队主场竞赛期间宣布视频致辞,介绍北京冬奥会状况,预祝中美冰球队一同出现精彩赛事。中心播送电视总台台长慎海雄也经过视频向美国民众宣布冬奥约请。许多美国民众纷繁表达对北京冬奥会的等待和祝愿。发言人对此有何谈论?

CCTV: Qin Gang, the Chinese Ambassador to the US, delivered video remarks after the game of the National Hockey League (NHL) at the home arena of the Washington Capitals. The ambassador shared with the audience the preparation work for the Beijing Winter Olympics and wishedChinese and US ice hockey teams best of luck in the Games. Shen Haixiong, President and Editor-in-Chief of China Media Group, invited everyone to enjoy the passion and happiness brought by Beijing 2022 in his video remarks. Many Americans expressed their expectation and good wishes for the Beijing Winter Olympics. Do you have any comment?

汪文斌:我也看到这场活动的视频,现场充满了我国传统元素和冬奥气氛,美国观众反应非常火热。这场活动的成功充沛标明,北京冬奥会是全球冬奥运动员和冰雪运动爱好者的盛会,也反映了美国民众和世界社会热切期盼北京冬奥会的一同心声。Wang Wenbin: I also watched the video clips about the event. Elements of Chinese tradition and the Winter Olympic vibe filled the stadium and theAmerican audience was all in high spirits. The success of the event fully shows that the Beijing Winter Olympics is a grand gathering of winter sports athletes and fans across the world. It also reflects the ardent expectation of ordinary Americans and the international community for the Beijing Winter Olympics.世界等待我国,我国做好了预备。北京冬奥会各项筹备工作现已底子安排妥当。咱们信任,在奥林匹克精力指引下,在各方一同尽力下,我国必定能为世界出现一届精约、安全、精彩的奥运盛会,为疫情困扰下的世界注入更多联合、决心和力气。The world has pinned its faith on China, and China is ready. All preparatory work for the Beijing Winter Olympic Games is basically completed. We believe under the guidance of the Olympic spirit and with concerted efforts of all sides, China will deliver a streamlined, safe and splendid Olympic Games to the world, and inject more solidarity, confidence and strength into the world amid COVID-19.

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深圳卫视记者:据报导,美国华人联合会本周在美司法部外安排对立示威活动,要求中止“我国行动方案”。192名耶鲁大学教授本周联名致函美司法部长加兰称,该方案存在底子性缺点。中方对此有何谈论?

Shenzhen TV: It is reported that the United Chinese Americans is protesting outside the US Department of Justice (DOJ) this week demanding the end of DOJ’s China Initiative. This week, 192 Yale professors wrote and signed a letter to Attorney General Merrick B. Garland arguing that the strategy has “fundamental flaws”. Do you have any comment?

汪文斌:我注意到有关报导。媒体现已屡次曝光,美国司法部的所谓“我国行动方案”先设办案目标再查案,这种罔顾司法正义的做法只会形成冤假错案。据报导,曩昔两年该方案“典型案子”汇编中绝大多数事例不触及知识产权和商业保密,指控的罪名大多是诈骗、不实陈说、瞒报税款等。之前全美各大学近2000名学者从前联名致函美国司法部长质疑这一方案,20多个亚裔集体也从前联名致函美国总统要求中止这一方案。现在更多有识之士站出来宣布敌对之声,标明越来越多的人认识到,这个所谓“我国行动方案”本质是美国反华实力乱用国家安全概念、对我国进行遏止镇压的东西,不仅对中美联系形成严峻冲击,也加重了美国国内的种族歧视现象,对美国内的亚裔集体形成严峻损伤。

Wang Wenbin: I noted relevant reports. As revealed by media many times, the “China Initiative” of the US Justice Department sets caseload target before conducting investigation accordingly. Such moves in disregard of law will only lead to wrongful convictions. According to media reports, most of the China-Related Cases Examples under this initiativeoverthepasttwoyears do not involve intellectual property or trade secrets theft. The charges are mainly related to fraud, misrepresentation or tax evasion. Earlier, nearly 2,000 university scholars across the US signed an open letter to the DOJ in protest of this initiative and over 20 Asian groups wrote to the US President demanding the end of it. Now, more visionary people are stepping forward to voice opposition. This proves that more and more people have realized that the so-called “China Initiative” is essentially a tool for anti-China forces in the US to abuse the concept of national security to contain and suppress China. It not only deals a heavy blow to China-US relations, but also worsens the racial discrimination in the US and seriously hurts Asian groups in the US.

美方应当倾听美各界正义之声,实在纠正错误做法,中止以我国为“假想敌”,中止假造托言对我国抹黑镇压,中止搅扰中美在科技、人文等范畴的正常交流协作。

The US should listen to the call of justice from the US society, earnestly correct the mistakes, stop taking China as an imaginary enemy, stop making excuses to smear and suppress China and stop disrupting normal exchanges and cooperation between the two countries in science and technology and people-to-people and cultural sectors.

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汹涌新闻记者:上一年12月2日,第76届联大洽谈一起经过了北京冬奥会奥林匹克休战抉择,敦促各国在北京冬奥会前后休战并中止敌对行动。但有意向标明,美国或许会同盟友于北京冬奥会前后和期间在我国周边持续举办军事演训活动。请问中方对此有何谈论?

The Paper: On December 2, 2021, the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted by consensus the Olympic Truce resolution for the Beijing Winter Olympics, urging Member States to observe before and after the Games the Olympic Truce, the core concept of which is cessation of hostilities. However, some developments indicate that the US may continue holding military drills in China’s neighborhood with allies before, during and after the Games. Do you have any comment?

汪文斌:北京冬奥会是体育盛事。疫情之下,各国都应该饯别“更快、更高、更强——更联合”的奥林匹克格言,经过一届成功的冬奥会,为人类协作共克难关带来期望。

Wang Wenbin: The Beijing Winter Olympics will be a great sports event. Amid the pandemic, all countries should practice the Olympic motto of “Faster, Higher, Stronger – Together”, and bring hope to all as we strive to overcome the difficulties together with a successful Winter Olympics.

正如你提到的,北京冬奥会奥林匹克休战抉择是第76届联大洽谈一起经过的,反映了联合国一切成员的一起。这份抉择敦促各国在北京冬奥会开幕前7日至北京冬残奥会闭暗地7日恪守奥林匹克休战并中止敌对行动,呼吁各国尽力促进平缓与人类相互了解。各方实在遵从这一精力既是职责和责任,也是世界社会的一同期盼。

Like you said, the resolution on Olympic Truce for the Beijing Winter Games was adopted by the 76th Session of the United Nations General Assembly by consensus. It reflects the common understanding of all UN members. The resolution urges countries to observe the Olympic Truce and cease hostilities from seven days before the start of the Olympic Games until seven days after the end of the Paralympic Games. It calls on countries to promote peace and human understanding. It is a responsibility of countries and common expectation of the international community to earnestly uphold this spirit.

咱们信任,在奥林匹克精力指引下,在各方一同尽力下,我国必定能为世界出现一届精彩的奥运盛会,一同推进世界奥林匹克工作开展。

We believe that under the guidance of the Olympic spirit and with concerted efforts of all parties, China will surely deliver a splendid Olympic event to the world and promote the development of the international Olympic cause.

14

英国播送公司记者:诘问关于李贞驹的问题。她是否曾以任何身份为我国政府工作过?BBC: Just one question regarding this person Christine Lee at the heart of these allegations, has she ever worked for the Chinese government in any capacity at all?汪文斌:炒作没有现实依据的所谓“我国威胁论”彻底是不负职责的行为。Wang Wenbin: It is deeply irresponsible to hype up the groundless “China threat theory”.

15

我国世界电视台CGTN记者:美方官员近来标明,处理“逼迫劳作”问题是本届美国政府的优先事项,并称世界社会对新疆正在产生的“种族灭绝”和“反人类罪”抱有关怀。美国会有关议员称新疆棉花是“逼迫劳作”的代名词。中方对此有何回应?

CGTN: US official recently said in a statement that “addressing forced labor has been a priority for this Administration” and the international community is concerned over the ongoing “genocide” and “crimes against humanity” in Xinjiang. Some US lawmakers said cotton produced in Xinjiang is synonymous with “forced labor”. Do you have any comment?

汪文斌:一个时期以来,美国政客伙同一些反华安排和个人大举分布、炒作新疆“种族灭绝”“逼迫劳作”的谎话,以求完成其不可告人的政治意图。为了协助咱们更好识破谎话制作者的实在面貌,今日我想花点时刻和咱们共享一些怎么识破涉疆谎话、不被谎话遮盖的心得领会。(开端放映幻灯片)Wang Wenbin: For some time now, US politicians, in collusion with some anti-China organizations and individuals, have been unscrupulously spreading and hyping up the lie of “genocide” and “forced labor” in Xinjiang for their ulterior political purpose. Today, I would like to take some time to share with you my experience of debunking lies on Xinjiang and avoiding being misled so that you can all see the true face of those who fabricated those lies.(Slidesstartedtobeshownonscreen.)

高质量的「双语」例行记者会/Regular Press Conference(2022-1-14)的图像

第一点领会,说谎是需求假装的,涉疆谎话制作者常常给自己披上三件“外衣”。

First of all, those who fabricate lies on Xinjiang always camouflage themselves with three cloaks.

第一件是“学术”外衣,便是以学者或许学术安排的名义分布流言,其代表是郑国恩。郑国恩宣称有“90万至180万人在新疆被体系拘留”,他的出处是土耳其一家媒体——Istiqlal TV的一篇毫无现实依据的报导。这家媒体和极端分子联系密切,被联合国列名的恐怖安排“东伊运”喽罗阿不都卡德尔·亚甫泉便是它的常客。郑国恩还宣称“新疆仍有70%的棉花依托人工采摘”,这同新疆棉花机械采摘率已超越85%的实践彻底相反。现实标明,所谓的“我国问题专家”郑国恩,仅仅一个毫无学术操行的伪学者。

  The first is the cloak of academic research. They spread rumors in the name of scholars and academic institutions. A typical example is Adrian Zenz. His claim that “900,000 to 1,800,000 people have been systematically held in detention in Xinjiang” comes from a groundless report by Istiqlal TV, a Turkey-based media organization with close ties with extremists. Abdulkadir Yapuquan, leader of the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM), a UN listed terrorist organization, is a regular guest of it. Zenz also claimed that 70 percent of the cotton plantations in Xinjiang in 2019 were harvested by human labor. But fact tells a completely different story: over85 percent of the cotton in Xinjiang is harvested by machine. These facts have proved that Adrian Zenz, a so-called “China expert”, is just a pseudo scholar with no academic integrity at all.

另一个披着“学术”外衣的代表是澳大利亚战略方针研讨所。该安排及其研讨人员宣布的“研讨效果”已屡次被证明是虚伪信息。2020年9月,澳战略方针研讨所假造的涉疆陈述宣称,研讨人员使用卫星图画定位制作了新疆区域380多处疑似“集中营”的地图,但经过核实,其间343个点位是校园、医院、住所、商铺等公共和民用建筑。澳战略方针研讨所2020年3月发布的《贩卖维吾尔族:疆外的“再教育”、逼迫劳作和监控》陈述,有100多条注释引证了我国媒体的报导,但没有一条是依照原话直接引证或按原文实在意思引证的。把澳大利亚战略方针研讨所称作是“流言制作机”更为适宜。

Another case in point is the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI). The “findings” published by ASPI and its research fellows have repeatedly been proven to be disinformation. In September 2020, ASPI produced a Xinjiang-related report claiming that researchers had identified and mapped more than 380 “suspected detention facilities” in Xinjiang using satellite imagery. However, at least 343 of the locations are proven to be public or civil facilities such as schools, hospitals, houses and shops. In another report of ASPI titled “Uyghurs for Sale: ‘Re-education’, forced labour and surveillance beyond Xinjiang” published in March 2020, over 100 notes cite reports by Chinese media, but without using the original words or reflecting the authentic meaning. It is more appropriate to define ASPI as a rumormonger, rather than a research institute.

第二件是“受害者”外衣,便是以“亲历者”或“目击者”身份假造谎话。这样的“假证人”可谓举目皆是。咱们从前向咱们戳穿过早木热·达吾提、吐尔逊娜依·孜尧登等人的说谎行径。今日,我再给咱们举一个比方,便是沙依拉古丽·沙吾提巴依。这个人一瞬间称自己是教培中心的教师,一瞬间又说自己是“拘留营”的“受害者”;一瞬间称自己曾在教培中心见到过“酷刑”和“暴力”,一瞬间又坚持以为自己底子没有看到过任何暴力行为;一瞬间宣称“被拘留者”被逼吃猪肉,一瞬间又说底子吃不上肉。实践上,这个人从未在教培中心工作或学习,而是一个涉嫌偷越国境和借款诈骗罪而被公安机关通缉的人员。这些人的所谓“证词”前后矛盾,彻底不能无懈可击,反而暴露了他们底子就不是什么“受害者”或“见证人”,而是不断转换“剧本”、越演越泄露的三流“艺人”。

The second is the cloak of victims. They concoct lies by playing the victim or witness. Such fake witnesses abound. We once exposed how Zumrat Dawut and Tursunay Ziawudun lied. Today, I want to give you another example named Sayragul Sauytbay. She sometimes calls herself a teacher at a vocational training center, and sometimes a “victim” of the “detention center”. She claims to have witnessed “torture” and “violence” at vocational training centers on one occasion, but insisted that she has never seen any acts of violence on the other. She says the “detainees” were forced to have pork, but asserts that there was no meat at all in another context. In fact, this person has never learned or worked in vocational training centers, but is wanted by the public security authorities for suspected crimes of illegal border-crossing and loan fraud. The so-called “testimonies” of these individuals contradict themselves and cannot justify anything, only to reveal that the people are not victims or witnesses, but third-stringer actors that give themselves away while changing their playbooks.

第三件是“法令”外衣,打着法令的幌子兜销谎话,其代表是所谓的“维吾尔特别法庭”。这个“法庭”跟法令没有任何联系,彻底是欺世盗名进行反华操弄。其“庭长”杰弗里·尼斯曾被媒体曝光是英国前奸细,他的职业生涯主要任务是服务美英的地缘政治意图。出庭的“证人”则是沙依拉古丽、吐尔逊娜依等老面孔,引证的是郑国恩、澳大利亚战略方针研讨所等人员和安排假造的所谓“研讨效果”。“法庭”所罗列的28条涉疆伪证都被所谓“证人”的亲属、搭档和世界独立媒体所戳穿。

The third is the cloak of law. The so-called “Uyghur Tribunal” stands out in peddling lies under the legal pretext. This “tribunal” has nothing to do with the law, but engages in anti-China manipulation with a deceptive name. The “Chair” Geoffrey Nice reportedly used to be a British agent, who spends his life mainly making up false accusations to serve the US’ and the UK’s geopolitical purposes. Those who showed up as “witnesses” were familiar faces including Sayragul Sauytbay and Tursunay Ziyawudun. The so-called “research outcomes” cited there were fabricated by individuals like Adrian Zenz and institutions like the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI). The 28 Xinjiang-related false testimonies given at the “tribunal” were all rebuked by the relatives and colleagues of the so-called “witnesses”, as well as independent media in the world.

不管说谎者披着什么样的“外衣”,在现实和本相面前都会沦为皇帝的新衣。信任当咱们往后看到或听到所谓新疆“逼迫劳作”“种族灭绝”的谎话时,不会那么容易上当受骗。

  No matter what cloak the liars may wear, their disguise is no different from the “emperor’s new clothes” in the face of facts and truth. We believe you would not be easily hoodwinked when you encounter lies about Xinjiang including “forced labor” and “genocide” again.

  我要和咱们共享的第二点领会是,假造涉疆谎话的人看似互相孤立,实则紧密相联,背面都遭到同一个“主子”的指派和控制。

  Second, those who make up Xinjiang-related lies seem to be independent from each other, but are in reality closely related as they are prompted and manipulated by the same force behind the scene.

  比方,吐尔逊娜依·孜尧登抵达美国之前曾屡次承受外国媒体采访,没有一次提到她从前遭受过虐待,但在抵达美国之后,在遭到一些实力“训练”之后,她就立刻改动了说法。沙依拉古丽逃到境外后,与美国赞助的“东突”安排相勾结,遭到美国国务院“嘉奖”,更是遭到蓬佩奥的吹捧。

  For example, Tursunay Ziyawudun had received several interviews of foreign media outlets before arriving in the US, where she did not mention once that she was a victim of abuse. But she immediately changed her stories after she set foot in the US and received some “training” by certain forces. After fleeing overseas, Sayragul Sauytbay colluded with “East Turkistan” organizations sponsored by the US, was awarded by the US Department of State, and was even showered with Pompeo’s praise.

  郑国恩供职于美国情报安排操作建立的反华安排“共产主义受难者留念基金会”和詹姆斯顿基金会,是美国情报安排“新疆教培中心课题组”的中心主干。2019年美国会众院刚刚经过“维吾尔人权方针法案”,郑国恩就在美众院外委会听证会上绕场道贺,宣扬拓荒一条新的反华阵线:便是查询新疆“逼迫劳作”。

  Adrian Zenz works at the “Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation”, an anti-China organization launched and manipulated by the US intelligence community, and the Jamestown Foundation. He’s also a key member of a research group set up by the US intelligence community on vocational education and training centers in Xinjiang. Right after the US House of Representatives adopted the “Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act” in 2019, Adrian Zenz took a victory lap of sorts to celebrate the passage of the Act while testifying before the House Foreign Affairs Committee and used the occasion to call for opening up a new front against China and starting an investigation into “involuntary labor in relation to Xinjiang”.

  所谓“维吾尔特别法庭”的最大金主是宣扬割裂新疆的涉恐安排“世维会”,而“世维会”从诞生之日起就得到美国国家民主基金会支撑。自2004年以来,该基金会为海外维吾尔人安排供给了876万美元的赞助。

  The top funder of the “Uyghur Tribunal” is the “World Uyghur Congress”, an anti-China terrorist organization advocating the secession of Xinjiang that has been supported by the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) since the day it was founded. Since 2004, the NED has provided $8.76 million in funding to overseas Uyghur organizations.

  至于澳大利亚战略方针研讨所,这是一个由美国国务院、北约及一些军火商一同赞助的安排,其最大的两笔外国政府赞助经费都来自美国国务院。该安排2020年3月发布所谓新疆“逼迫劳作”陈述后,一些美国议员便开端宣扬中止进口新疆产品,并推出所谓“维吾尔逼迫劳作防备法案”直至签署成法。

  As for ASPI, it is an organization funded by the US Department of State, NATO and some arms dealers. Its two biggest fundingpayments from overseas government agencies are both from the US Department of State. After this institute released its report on “forced labor” in Xinjiang in March 2020, some US lawmakers began to clamor for banning imports from Xinjiang, and introduced the “Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act”, which was later signed into law.

  不难看出,涉疆谎话实在的假造者和“获益者”,正是美国的一些反华实力。美国前高官威尔克森早在2018年就毫不掩饰地供认,美国想损坏我国的安稳,最好的方法便是制作动乱,鼓动维吾尔族“从内部搞乱我国”。假造涉疆谎话,抹黑我国形象,损坏我国安稳,遏止我国开展便是美国反华实力“以疆制华”战略的一步。

  It is not difficult to see that the real fabricators and “beneficiaries” of Xinjiang-related lies are some anti-China forces in the US. Lawrence Wilkerson, a former senior US official, stated unabashedly back in 2018 that the US “would want to destabilize China and that would be the best way to do it to foment unrest and to join with those Uyghurs in pushing the Han Chinese in Beijing from internal places rather than external”. It is just part of the “use Xinjiang to contain China” strategy of the anti-China forces in the US to weave Xinjiang-related lies, tarnish China’s image, and destabilize Xinjiang to suppress and contain China’s development.

  想和咱们共享的第三点领会是,世易时移,但美国的造假方法仍是那股了解的滋味。美国当年拿一小瓶白色粉末也有说是“洗衣粉”作为依据,责备伊拉克具有大规模杀伤性武器并发起伊拉克战役。20年后,美国又依据一帮糟糕“艺人”的“证词”指控新疆“种族灭绝”“逼迫劳作”,并出台对华制裁办法和法案对我国进行镇压。两者方法千篇一律,只不过这一次栽赃栽赃的东西变成了新疆的棉花。  Third, much has changed in today’s world, but the US still uses the same M.O. to fabricate lies. Years ago, it used a test tube of what was suspected to be laundry powder as evidence to accuse Iraq of hiding weapons of mass destruction and waged a war. Today, 20 years later, citing the “testimonies” of a bunch of lame actors, the US alleged that there is “genocide” and “forced labor” in Xinjiang, based on which it imposed sanctions and adopted legislation to suppress China. Its M.O. remains the same. It just replaced the white powder with cotton from China’s Xinjiang.  可是,年代在前进,世界在开展,世人的鉴别力在进步。美国反华实力假造的涉疆谎话损坏不了新疆安定联合、调和开展、公民美好的大好局面,掩盖不住世界社会支撑我国的正义之声,只会将说谎者、阴谋家的实在面貌明晰暴露在世人面前。  However, new progress in our world today also brings with it a more discerning eye. The Xinjiang-related lies concocted by anti-China forces in the US cannot undermine the stability, unity, harmonious development, and wellbeing in Xinjiang or silence the just voice of the international community showing support for China. They will only further expose the true face of liars and conspirators in front of the whole world.  乌云遮不住太阳,只会让人愈加赏识背面的蓝天。反华实力煞费苦心抹黑、镇压我国,曩昔没有达到目的,现在和将来更不会达到目的。“世纪谎话”的制作者必将被牢牢地钉在前史的羞耻柱上。  The sun will shine through the dark clouds and people will just admire the clear blue sky even more. Anti-China forces’ desperate attempts to smear and suppress China failed in the past and will never succeed in the future. The fabricator of the “lie of the century” will be nailed to the historical pillar of ignominy.

16

英国播送公司记者:能够再为咱们展现下第一张幻灯片吗?我方才没来得及摄影。BBC: Just a small question, I was wondering if we could see that first slide again? I was not able to take a screen shot of it.汪文斌:咱们会后跟你共享。Wang Wenbin: We will share the slide with you after the press conference.

17

会后有记者问及:据报导,13日,中印宣布第十四轮军长级谈判联合新闻稿。有印度媒体报称,第十四轮军长级谈判未能获得活跃效果。中方对此有何谈论?The following question was raised after the press conference: According to reports, China and India issued a joint press release on the 14th round of China-India Corps Commander Level Meeting on January 13. Some Indian media have reported that the talks failed to achieve positive outcomes. Do you have any comment?汪文斌:中印两国于1月12日举办了第十四轮军长级谈判,两国国防、交际部分代表参与,并发布联合新闻稿。两边在坦白、友爱的气氛中,就处理中印鸿沟西段有关问题深化交换了定见,提出处理方案并赞同进一步研讨。两边赞同遵循两国领导人指引,赶快处理剩下问题。两边赞同持续稳固已有用果,采纳有用办法,坚持包含冬天在内各时段西段区域形势安全安稳。两边赞同持续坚持军事和交际途径交流,经过对话洽谈赶快到达两边都能承受的处理方案。两边还赞同,赶快举办下一轮军长级谈判。我以为此轮谈判效果是活跃和建造性的。Wang Wenbin: China and India held the 14th round of Corps Commander Level Meeting on January 13. Representatives from the two sides’ defense and diplomatic departments attended the meeting and issued a joint press release. The two sides held in-depth exchange of views on issues relating to the western section of the border in a candid and friendly atmosphere, put forward solutions and agreed to conduct further study. Both agreed to follow the guidance of the two sides’ leaders and resolve the remaining issues as soon as possible. Both agreed to continue consolidating existing outcomes and take effective measures to maintain the security and stability in the western section in all seasons including winter. Both agreed to maintain communication through military and diplomatic channels and reach a mutually-acceptable solution through dialogue and consultation as soon as possible. It was also agreed that the next round of Corps Commander Level Meeting should be held at an early date. I believe this meeting yielded positive and constructive outcomes.

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「双语」例行记者会Regular Press Conference(2022-1-14)

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